Working Memory and Reading ▬ Digital Promise

Working Memory and Reading

Working Memory
and Reading

Digital Promise: 2.08.2017

Working memory allows a person to temporarily hold and manipulate a limited amount of information. Research shows significant differences in working memory between skilled and less skilled readers. No approach will work for all learners, but there are some research-based approaches that can help those with low working memory become proficient readers.

Transcript

A student who can't read at grade level by third grade is four times less likely to graduate high school than one who can.

Despite approaches like phonics and whole language, many learners still struggle with reading. Research shows significant differences in working memory between skilled and less skilled readers.  Working memory allows a person to temporarily hold and manipulate a limited amount of information.

It's thought that readers with low working memory have difficulty combining new information with what they already know.

To recognize the meaning of sentences while reading, students must first hold individual sounds and then words in their working memory as they figure out how these relate to one another.  As learners grow and encounter more complex information, difficulties with working memory may become more apparent.

What does low working memory look like?

➧ Students with low working memory may be easily distracted and behave as though they are not paying attention.

➧ In reading or writing, they may forget some or all of the words in a sentence of sequence of words.

➧ Or they may lose their place, repeating or skipping letters and words.

As a result, they may struggle to understand how sentences or words relate to one another.

How can you support students' working memory?

➧ No approach will work for all learners, but there are some research-based approaches that can be helpful.

➧ Repeat instructions and break down complex tasks into single steps.

➧ Have students create organizers like wall charts and checklists they can refer back to when used to stay on track.

➧ Provide options like audiobooks, manipulatives, or physical activities connected to learning, like walking or tossing a ball.

These learning methods can help them focus. Reading skills are necessary for student success. With awareness and interventions, it is possible to help those with low working memory become proficient readers and improve their learning outcomes for the rest of their lives.  WATCH 02:11

To learn more, visit Research Map: Digital Promise

Automatic Readability Checker

Based on 7 readability formulas:

Grade Level: 11

Reading Level: fairly difficult to read.

Reader's Age: 15-17 yrs. old

(Tenth to Eleventh graders)

An Ear for Reading: Audiobooks Take Center Stage in the Classroom ▬ SLJ

An Ear for Reading: Audiobooks Take Center Stage in the Classroom

Audiobooks

SLJ: 5.04.2021 by Melanie Kletter

As educators adjusted to a radically altered learning environment last fall, high school librarian Erin Cassaro realized she needed to do something different to support the literacy needs of her students.

“We knew it would be difficult for kids to have access to physical books, so we invested a lot in ebooks and audiobooks,” says Cassaro, who works in Dublin (OH) City Schools. “What we have seen this year is that when kids are exposed to audiobooks and get a chance to experience them, they are hooked.”

Cassaro is one of many librarians and classroom teachers around the country who are increasing their use of audiobooks as a teaching tool. With many students learning from home this year, there has been a surge in the use of all digtal [sic] resources in schools, including ebooks and audiobooks. According to SLJ’s 2020 School Library Budget & Spending Survey, about 30 percent of respondents reported that they planned to spend more on audiobooks this school year.

Educators are using audiobooks in new ways to teach material and help students build literacy skills. Instead of using audiobooks as a learning station, where one student at a time or a few students listen to them during reading time, many educators are using them for entire class reading assignments and class discussions. Teachers in some schools are using audiobooks as a social-emotional tool by playing guided mindfulness recordings to help students relax and focus in class. New tech resources have made it easier for students to access audiobooks both at school and at home, enabling families to listen to books together and practice and reinforce skills that students are learning in class.

🔽

New uses in schools

When it comes to using audiobooks as a learning tool in schools, there has long been debate about whether audiobooks count as “real” reading, since students are not decoding and figuring out the words as they read. However, researchers and educators now recognize the many benefits of audiobooks for learners of all ages and abilities.

“Audiobooks are reading,” says Denise Johnson, a professor of reading education at William & Mary who studies literacy learning and conducts research on the uses of technology in education. “The idea that we must decode in order to read is an unfair way to think about it. The goal is comprehension.”

When kids can’t decode, it can make a book inaccessible, says Johnson. “But just because a kid can’t read at a high level, that doesn’t mean they can’t understand and comprehend at a high level. Using audiobooks opens up access and levels the playing field. Kids can all listen to the same book and then can talk and discuss it and have rich conversations.”

Audiobooks also help with fluency, since students hear the way a story should sound when it is read. This benefits students who struggle with reading as well as students who are English language learners.

Resources

Audible 
Audible has the world’s largest selection of audiobooks. Offerings for young people include a selection of free audiobooks that became available during the pandemic. Audible requires an individual membership, and each title must be purchased.

Bookshare
Bookshare provides ebooks and audiobooks for students and adults with diagnosed reading disabilities. Free for students and schools.

Follett 
Follett offers an array of print and digital resources for schools and libraries, including a large selection of audiobooks. Subscribers pick the titles and collections they want to purchase.

Learning Ally 
This nonprofit organization provides audiobooks and other resources to students and adults who have a diagnosed reading difficulty. Its reading app for schools includes more than 80,000 audiobooks available for a fee.

LibriVox 
This site provides free public domain audiobooks that are read by volunteers from around the world. It has hundreds of books for kids, including many classics.

Libro.fm 
This is a subscription audiobook service like Audible, but purchases benefit the indie bookseller of the buyer’s choice.

Mackin 
Mackin has a variety of print and digital resources available for schools and libraries, with many audiobooks. Subscribers choose titles and collections for purchase.

Sora 
This OverDrive reading app designed for schools has a large selection of audiobooks and ebooks. The content available for student use is selected by the district or school.

Storynory 
This site provides free audio stories for kids, including many classic fairy tales, original stories, and some nonfiction. The stories can be accessed through the Storynory website or app.

SYNC 
AudioFile magazine runs this free audiobook summer reading program for teenagers. Participants 13 and older receive two free audiobooks a week during the summer, accessible through the Sora app.

Tales2go 
An audiobooks subscription service for schools through which subscribers get full access to more than 10,000 titles.

READ MORE ➤➤

 

Automatic Readability Checker

Based on 7 readability formulas:

Grade Level: 11

Reading Level: fairly difficult to read.

Reader's Age: 15-17 yrs. old

(Tenth to Eleventh graders)

How Audiobooks Can Make People More Literate ▬ Medium

How Audiobooks Can Make People More Literate ▬ Medium

How Audiobooks Can Make People More Literate
Professional audiobook narrators help bridge the ‘understanding gap’

AudioFile Magazine

Medium: 9.08.2018 by AudioFile Magazine *

Educators and cognitive scientists recognize that “reading” is a very broad term. In the audiobook community, we already know that “reading” can and does mean critical listening as well as visual understanding of printed text. Pushback still comes from some who believe that “to read” is to decode visually. I like to call them reading “print-bound purists.” As most long-established “eye-readers” know, assumptions about characters, plot direction, and capacity to grasp how facts in chapter one will be required in chapter seven, can and do miss the mark on any first complete reading of a book. How many of these print-bound purists re-read texts — silently, of course, as 20th century pedagogy taught many of us to be a requirement of “skillful” reading?

🔽
Professional audiobook narrators, in fact, are the people who do that essential pre-reading for us before we sit down to acquire the author’s work by listening to interpretive choices that make sense the first time around as listening readers. Professional narrators, having familiarized themselves thoroughly with the book before the recording session begins, know and impart appropriate pacing and alterations in inflections that we can have from the get-go when we hear their reading. Passages dense with significant and complex information are delivered in a manner that allows us to concentrate point by point instead of rushing by without collecting what we need for understanding the next stage of the work. And when personal names may be too close for eye comfort, narrators introduce specific tones — if not outright voices — that allow us to distinguish between speakers readily.

🔽
Try these audiobooks as examples of how reading comprehension can receive significant boosts from hearing skilled narrators:

What do I need to understand about this character?

The War that Saved My Life, by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley, read by Jane Entwistle

How can I make sense of all these technical explanations when I’m not even sure which clause is important?

Death by Black Hole and Other Cosmic Quandaries, by Neil DeGrasse Tyson, read by Dion Graham

Who’s who when I see a cavalcade of character names that I can’t distinguish among quickly?

Death Notice, by Zhou Haohui, translated by Zac Haluza, read by Joel de la Fuente

* AudioFile Magazine
reviews and recommends good listening, top-notch performances and dynamic listening experiences. We do not sell audiobooks.

READ MORE ➤➤

 

Automatic Readability Checker

Based on 7 readability formulas:

Grade Level: 14

Reading Level: difficult to read.

Reader's Age: 21-22 yrs. old

(college level)

Realia: It’s Not Just For Vocabulary ▬ Intercambio

Realia: It’s Not Just For Vocabulary

Realia 

Intercambio: 12 06.2016 by Debbieg

Realia  (real objects) and visuals aren’t just for teaching vocabulary. They can even be great for illustrating grammatical patterns.  Here are ideas on how to use objects:

A variety of interesting objects (these can be things you grab out of the kitchen and bathroom and throw into a bag as you’re leaving the house to go to class!)

These can be used to teach there is/there are or teaching this/that/these/those.

Magazine pictures glued to construction paper These can be used to teach both structures and vocabulary.

A bag of assorted clothing, particularly if it is unusual or garish, can be used as props in dialogs, such as one on shopping; to teach clothing vocabulary; colors, etc.

A variety of application forms of different types are useful for teaching basic writing skills and for giving practice in filling out real applications.   READ MORE ➤➤

 

Automatic Readability Checker

Based on 7 readability formulas:

Grade Level: 8

Reading Level: standard / average.

Reader's Age: 12-14 yrs. old

(Seventh and Eighth graders)

Using Audiobooks to Boost Literacy in the Classroom ▬ EdTech Review

Using Audiobooks to Boost Literacy in the Classroom

Audiobooks
& Literacy

EdTech Review: 6.25.2018 by Ananya Debroy

Part of student’s fantasy world begins when they listen to gripping stories and for those who have learning disabilities, the more they are exposed to tools such like audiobooks, the better are their basic reading skills or reading comprehension.

Audio books have traditionally been used with second language learners, learning disabled students and struggling readers or non-readers. But with its widespread popularity, its use soon started to increase and now one finds it being used in many cases. Audiobooks have proven out to be successful in helping these students to access literature and enjoy books. Teachers using audiobooks have found it extremely for all the students.

Various research findings have invariably indicated time and again that audiobooks have powerful impact on literacy development. The process is much striking because by just listening to books is striking. And why its striking, you have got to read the entire research finding by clicking here. One should however note that it is not just the primary level struggling students whose reading comprehension and literacy levels develop with the use of audio books. In yet another research highlighting the impact of audio books on reading comprehension and enjoyment, findings reflect that audio books assist in various ways to increase the reading comprehension and enjoyment levels of the readers.

Benefits of Audiobooks

To begin with, audio books are a great tool to bring stories to life in the classroom. Best of it, it keeps the students engaged. Listed are some of the major benefits of using audiobooks in the classroom

➤ Allows teachers to introduce students to books above their reading level

➤ Mould [sic] good interpretive reading

➤ Help students in critical listening

➤ Highlight important emotions like anger, humour or disappointment in books

➤ Introduce the students to different genres of stories writing

➤ Introduce students to new vocabulary or difficult proper names or locales

➤ Escape unfamiliar dialects or accents, old English and old fashioned literary styles

➤ Provide a bridge to important topics of discussion for parents and children who can listen together while commuting to sporting events, music lessons or on vacations

➤ Recapture “the essence and the delights of hearing stories beautifully told by extraordinary talented storytellers.”  READ MORE ➤➤

Automatic Readability Checker

Based on 7 readability formulas:

Grade Level: 15

Reading Level: difficult to read.

Reader's Age: College graduate

Literacy Leaders: What Do You Need to Know? ▬ Lead For Literacy

Literacy Leaders: What Do You Need to Know?

Priority
Reading Skills

Lead For Literacy: 12.12.2020

WHAT ARE THE PRIORITY READING SKILLS

Language Comprehension

Background & Vocab Knowledge

Literacy Knowledge

Language Structures

Verbal Reasoning

Word Recognition

Phonological Awareness

Decoding (and Spelling)

Sight Recognition

Skilled Reading

Fluent execution & coordination of word recognition and text comprehension.

Related Briefs

4 Reasons Literacy Leadership Matters

Practice Guides for Literacy Leaders

Lead for Literacy Framework Overview

READ MORE ➤➤

Picture This: Using Pictograms in Health Materials ▬ Medium.com

Picture This: Using Pictograms in Health Materials

Sneeze

Medium.com: 11.12.2020 

Visuals are a powerful tool in our health communication toolbox. They help us convey big ideas in a way that transcends language and cultural barriers. And here at We ❤ Health Literacy Headquarters, we’ve really been digging a certain type of visual lately: pictograms.

A pictogram is a drawing or image that represents an idea in a simple, literal way. We can use pictograms to show recommended behaviors, symptoms, and other health concepts that can be tricky to explain. They’re especially useful for audiences with limited literacy skills, limited English proficiency, or cognitive disabilities. And as an added bonus, they help us reinforce key messages for all readers!

Try these 3 quick tips to create pictograms that will resonate with your audiences:

1. Use literal representation instead of abstract symbolism.
Some symbols or graphic conventions (like “Rx” for “prescription” or wavy lines to indicate heat) may not resonate across cultures. So it’s important to make illustrations as literal and concrete as possible.

2. Incorporate realistic details that aid understanding.
Use realistic colors and include details that provide context to help people understand your pictogram.

3. Use a consistent visual style. 
Did you know that our short-term memory can only hold a few visual elements at a time? Interpreting a series of images can be hard for anyone, and it’s especially tricky for people with limited literacy skills. To avoid cognitive overload (overwhelming viewers with too much information), use a consistent visual style and similar characters across all pictograms in a single material.

The bottom line:
Pictograms can help us communicate big ideas in an accessible way. Try these tips to create pictograms that resonate with your audiences.  READ MORE ➤➤

Automatic Readability Checker

Based on 7 readability formulas:

Grade Level: 11

Reading Level: fairly difficult to read.

Reader's Age: 15-17 yrs. old

(Tenth to Eleventh graders)

How Simple Visual Cues Can Improve Your Teaching Materials ▬ Edutopia

How Simple Visual Cues Can Improve Your Teaching Materials

Visual Cues

Edutopia: 11.19.2020 

In a 2020 study, researchers demonstrated that annotating your instructional videos and slides can improve student retention.

When creating teaching materials like instructional videos or slides, a 2020 study concluded that adding annotations like arrows, text labels, or circles can provide "visual scaffolding" that clarifies your teaching priorities and guides student focus and attention. Students who were exposed to materials with visual cues outperformed students who saw the same materials without cues by about 9 percentage points.  WATCH 01:38

The Benefits Of Large Print Books ▬ TEACH

The Benefits Of Large Print Books

TEACH: Jan/Feb 2020 by Tasha Squires

Advancing Literacy
with Large Print

As a librarian, there are certain moments that stick with me. When one of my students unexpectedly gave me a mutinous look, I knew it was the start of one of them. Bobby had always been an affable student, but one day when I asked him to return the book he had been reading, he gave me the look. At first, I didn’t understand. It was a small ask after all. The book was brand new, one I hadn’t catalogued or even stamped with the school’s name yet. It was not ready to be loaned out.

It turns out, I had inadvertently stumbled upon something special. Bobby, like all the 8th grade students in our school that year, was reading The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton. I just had received several copies of the title in large print so I asked Bobby to switch from reading his regular print to the larger text. I was curious to see if he would notice any difference between the two formats. Bobby obliged and spent the rest of the period quietly reading, but when the bell rang and it was time to return the book—that’s when he gave me the look.

So I relented and let him keep the book. The next day when I asked Bobby why he didn’t want to return the book, he responded that he didn’t want to stop reading. “It was easier to read, and I didn’t lose my place as much as I usually do, especially reading and then looking up, and then going back. It was easier to find my place in the large text book than the small text book.”

Bobby also commented that he noticed the page color in the large print book (bright white) made reading easier than regular print (grayish). His comment about looking up and getting back into his book faster led me to capture video of students reading large and regular print titles.

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National Literacy Study Echoes Classroom Experiences

Project Tomorrow, an education nonprofit, recently released a national literacy study examining the impact of large print texts on students in grades 3-12. The findings reflect what I’ve seen in my own school. A 7th grade boy I interviewed said: “I read the book faster and I could understand it better.” An 8th grade girl reported after her first experience with large print: “…felt like I was accomplishing more and I wanted to keep reading.” I created a survey for my students to take after reading a large print text. To date, 226 students in 7th and 8th grades over the last two years have completed the survey.

Here are a few differences students have reported when reading large print books:

➤ Read for a longer period of time

➤ Are able to focus and stay connected to the text more

➤ Remember and comprehend more of what they are reading

➤ Enjoy the reading process (perhaps for the first time)

➤ Read with greater fluency

➤ How to Build a Large Print Collection

READ MORE ➤➤

Automatic Readability Checker

Based on 7 readability formulas:

Grade Level: 8

Reading Level: fairly easy to read.

Reader's Age: 12-14 yrs. old

(Seventh and Eighth graders)

How to Improve Your Reading Comprehension as an Adult ▬ Book Riot

How to Improve Your Reading Comprehension as an Adult

Book Riot: 10.27.2020 by Christine Ro

The ability to process and retain information from texts: it’s not just for kids. Reading comprehension, which has been defined as “the act of translating text into mental representations”, has also been described as the ultimate goal of reading. But the bulk of research on reading comprehension focuses on children. When it comes to adults, consensus-level findings and proposed suggestions are still emerging.

This also applies to non-text-based forms of reading. So this article mainly applies to people reading visually, rather than via listening, say, or Braille. The suggestions compiled here aren’t exhaustive.

SLOW YOUR ROLL

The good news from the research that does exist is that older adults do just as well as younger adults, or better, in many aspects affecting reading comprehension. While older adults have more general knowledge they can apply to a particular situation in a book, which helps them to understand it more readily, it takes them longer to encode new knowledge. So some aspects of reading performance do decline with age. Refusing to acknowledge this decline can worsen understanding.

This applies, for instance, to ambiguous passages. Older adults need to call on more of the brain to parse complex sentences. Take this benign-looking sentence:

While Anna dressed the baby played in the crib.

In one study, 70% of younger adults interpreted this correctly: while Anna put on clothes, the baby was playing. (This sentence is basically a PSA for comma use.) However, only 50% of older adults did.

Because eye movement and cognitive patterns change with age, older adults take longer to scan and process text. When reading Chinese, which is visually complex, older adults take almost twice as long as young adults.

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PRACTICE THE BASICS

“Print exposure” (how much someone reads) contributes to “crystallized intelligence” (accumulated knowledge, reasoning, and vocabulary). Crystallized intelligence helps people apply their reading skills. And print exposure plays an important role in word-reading processes, for children and adults alike.

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ACTIVATE THE SENSES

All that highlighting you did in history class may have helped. Highlighting, underlining, color-coding, note-taking, and other forms of active learning can help to identify the most pertinent information and enhance reading comprehension. But this is only up to a point. Excessive highlighting tends to defeat the purpose, and actually limits comprehension.

In a potential blow to diehard digital readers, reading comprehension is still stronger in print than onscreen (although more research is needed on the exact mechanisms for this). But visual aids can help readers of all ages in all formats, such as seniors choosing prescription drug plans on a Medicare website. Reading more comics and imagery-rich texts may also help to activate more of your visual sense while reading.

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THINK ABOUT READING

Annotation is a tool for active reading, or reading with a specific purpose. Along with the physical markings on a text, you can read actively by, for instance:

➧ summarizing or rephrasing what you’ve just read

➧ explaining it to others

➧ answering questions about it (looking up book club questions might be a useful aid here)

➧ assessing the difficulty of a passage

➧ making predictions about what will happen next in a book

➧ thinking about how your background knowledge is helping you understand a piece of text, or where there are gaps in your prior knowledge

➧ relating what you’re reading to your own experiences

➧ making associations and comparisons

All these strategies are part of metacognition: essentially, thinking about thinking.  READ MORE ➤➤

Automatic Readability Checker

Based on 7 readability formulas:

Grade Level: 11

Reading Level: fairly difficult to read.

Reader's Age: 15-17 yrs. old

(Tenth to Eleventh graders)

The Best Wordless Picture Books to Build Literacy & Comprehension Skills! ▬ Happily Ever Elephants

The Best Wordless Picture Books to Build Literacy & Comprehension Skills!

Happily Ever Elephants: 1.09.2020

I know.

Wordless picture books are daunting.

In fact, the first time I picked up a wordless picture book, I put it right back down.

Why?

I’m a reader and a writer. I love words. I love reading words. I love the way phrases turn into sentences which turn into paragraphs and then pages. I love word play and dialogue and figurative language. I love the way some words ignite fires in my soul, and others are so achingly beautiful they strike me right in the gut and before I know it, my heart is full and I read a particular page over and over because it feels like magic as the words dance in my head.

So a book with no words and only pictures? It totally freaked me out. 

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How to “read” Wordless Picture Books

Here are some simple tips for sharing a wordless picture book with your child:

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Wordless Picture Books are chock full of benefits for kids!

The benefits of reading wordless picture books with children cannot be understated. Don’t believe me? Check these out:

➤ When your child comments on the pictures, she begins to learn important storytelling elements. As an example, questions like “who do you see?” or “where is the little boy” introduce concepts of character and setting.

➤ Wordless picture books encourage children to make inferences, summarize what they see, and analyze illustrations for information, context, and connections.

➤ When kids “read” wordless picture books, they become aware of elements like beginnings, middles and ends as well as characters, settings and plots. Thus, they gain a keen understanding of how stories are constructed.

➤ Wordless picture books demonstrate how illustrations drive plot and often supply critical details and story elements — even if the story contains words!

➤ This unique format fosters creativity and imagination, while simultaneously enhancing reading comprehension and critical thinking skills.

Our Favorite Wordless Picture Books  READ MORE ➤➤

Automatic Readability Checker

Based on 7 readability formulas:

Grade Level: 7

Reading Level: standard / average.

Reader's Age: 11-13 yrs. old

(Sixth and Seventh graders)

Make Your Prescription Labels Easier to Understand ▬ Wisconsin Literacy

Make Your Prescription Labels Easier to Understand

Wisconsin Literacy: 9.28.2020 by Kari LaScala

Make Your Prescription Labels Easier to Understand

Medication Label Project

Prescription labels are often confusing.  Understanding labels can be a challenge for all patients, but especially for those who have low health literacy. Patients who don’t know how to take their medications correctly can get hurt or even die.  This is one patient’s story:

She took 3 times the amount of medication she was supposed to because the label confused her. The directions read, “Take 1 1/2 tablet twice daily.” She was supposed to take a ½ tablet twice a day.  With the “1” in front of the “1/2,” she took 3 tablets total a day, instead of 1.

Wisconsin Health Literacy helps pharmacies create labels that are easier to read, understand, and follow. This seven-year project follows United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Chapter 17 guidance on how to make labels more patient-centered.

How can you improve your labels for better patient understanding?

According to the USP, prescription labels should feature only the most important information patients need to safely and effectively use their medicine. 

Follow the guidance below for more patient-centered labels.

✔ Prominently display the critical information your patients need to safely and effectively use their medicine.
At the top of the label, display the: 

1. patient’s name

2. full drug name and strength

3. “sig” or directions for use

This means moving the pharmacy logo
to the bottom of the label!

✔  Write directions for use, or “sig,” that are easy for patients to understand:

Use the Universal Medication Schedule (UMS), a standard time frame for when a patient takes medicine. Say “morning,” “noon,” “evening” or “bedtime” instead of general phrases like “twice daily.”
Example: Write,

“Take 2 tablets in the morning and 2 tablets in the evening,”

                  not

“Take 2 tablets twice daily.”

Use sentence case instead of ALL CAPS. 

Use numbers instead of alphabetic characters.

Example: “Take 2 tablets,” not “Take two tablets.”

Universal Medication Schedule

✔  Use simple language. Avoid jargon.
Example: write,

“High blood pressure,” not “Hypertension.”

✔  Include purpose for use: if the prescriber includes the reason the patient is to take the medicine, it should be included on the label unless the patient does not want it there. Some patients may want this kept private.  

1. Again – avoid jargon!

✔ Improve readability – design your labels so they are easier to read.
Here are some tips: 

1. Leave enough white space

2. Use dark letters on lighter background

3. Use large, clean fonts
(Times New Roman-minimum 12-point; or Arial- minimum 11 point)

4. Highlight or bold patient-centered information or information that facilitates adherence (i.e.; Refill ordering)

✔ Address limited English proficiency:

1. When possible, write the directions for use in the patient’s preferred language.

But:

Keep the drug name in English, so emergency workers can quickly access the information. 

2. Use a high-quality translation process.  READ MORE ➤➤

Automatic Readability Checker

Based on 7 readability formulas:

Grade Level: 9

Reading Level: fairly difficult to read.

Reader's Age: 13-15 yrs. old

(Eighth and Ninth graders)

Trusted Online Resources For PARENTS and EDUCATORS​ @ Haskins Global

@haskinslabs

Trusted Online Resources For PARENTS and EDUCATORS​

Haskins Global: July 2020

Below is a compilation of links to FREE, HIGH-QUALITY  content for children and teens with different levels of reading proficiency.

This resource library is designed to help parents and educators easily navigate through the overwhelming amount of information available online on promoting literacy development in children of all ages.

Find resources for a specific skill, or use the structure to guide the development of critical literacy-related skills – the choice is yours!

Resources to Build a Reading Brain!

From Infancy through Adolescence

EARLY CHILDHOOD

Talk

Read

EARLY READERS

Letters and Word parts

Oral Language and Reading Comprehension

Writing

DEVELOPING READERS

Learning to read words and longer texts

Oral Language and Reading Comprehension

Writing

MORE ADVANCED READERS

Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension

Writing